These individuals might refer to themselves as transgender, non-binary, or gender-nonconforming. The differences between male and female sexes are anatomical and physiological. For instance, male and female genitalia, both internal and external are different. Similarly, the levels and types of hormones present in male and female bodies are different. Genetic factors define the sex of an individual. Women have 46 chromosomes including two Xs and men have 46 including an X and a Y. The Y chromosome is dominant and carries the signal for the embryo to begin growing testes. Both men and women have testosterone , estrogen , and progesterone.
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Find out more about cookies and your privacy in our policy. Gender, sex and sexuality are all pretty complicated ideas — and definitely not as black and white as some people might think. View a text version of this infographic. You can see that some of the concepts have arrows next to them, and others just have dots. This is because some concepts are on a spectrum or range, while others are more fixed.
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This was very exciting. Rather than scampering about investigating their surroundings and introducing themselves to other mice, whiskers quivering, they eschewed social interactions and ran in circles. Placed into a water tank, they appeared disoriented and confused. Unlike their peers, they swam hesitantly along the walls, unable to find and remember the location of a platform hidden underneath the surface. They were pale shadows of their mousey selves. It was exactly what the researchers, who were studying brain development in autism and schizophrenia, had expected to see. But there was just one — major — hitch. The females behaved like our control animals.
Most of us have been raised with pretty simplistic ideas about sex and gender. Namely, that there are two sexes, male and female, and that they align with two genders, man and woman. But with the increased visibility of transgender, gender non-conforming, and nonbinary folks, many people are beginning to understand that the categories of sex and gender are far more complicated. Society typically tells us that there are two sexes: male and female. You may also be familiar with the fact that some people are intersex , or have a difference of sexual development DSD. With some research reporting that as many as 1 in people are born with a DSD, more biologists are acknowledging that sex may be far more complex than what the traditional male-female binary accounts for. For example, a transgender man — a person who was assigned female at birth and identifies as a man — may have a vagina but still identify as male. This excludes folks with a DSD who may have different chromosomal configurations or other differences in sexual development.
